Advancement of additive manufacturing technology in the development of personalized <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> prosthetic implants

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the field of personalized orthopedic implants, addressing the issues faced by the standard pre-designed models. Custom-tailored solutions for implants and prosthetics enable a better fit for each patient’s unique anatomy. These personalized implants significantly improve surgical outcomes, reduce post-operative complications, and accelerate patient recovery. The design and development field within this sector is in growing demand. The researchers try to improve the integration of the implant into the human bone by implementing various porous structures based on the level of depth. Scanned images from advanced imaging technologies, such as computer tomography, help to create DICOM files to transform patient-specific data into highly accurate 3D digital models, allowing for the rapid production of both in vivo and in vitro implants. In vivo implants, like knee and hip prosthetics, are designed for implantation within the body, while in vitro models aid in surgical simulations and research, enhancing healthcare outcomes. Recent advancements in AM extend beyond orthopedics, supporting the creation of cardiovascular stents, dental implants, and organ scaffolds, showcasing its versatility across medical applications. Using high-precision printing with biocompatible materials further improves the feasibility of complex implant structures, paving the way for next-generation healthcare solutions. This study highlights the latest advancements in AM for personalized implants, examines current challenges, and explores new opportunities in producing customized implants across various medical fields.