Status, sources and health risk assessment of PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs in road dust of Xinjiang, China

Two hundred and sixty road dust samples collected from Xinjiang, China, were resuspended and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives. The concentrations of ∑₁₆PAHs, ∑₁₈NPAHs and ∑₅OPAHs (ng mg^-1) in the road dust PM₁₀ ranged from 22.03 to 179.04, 0.34-3.14, and 0.95-17.56, with median values of 69.09, 1.14, and 4.37, respectively. Phe, Ace, Flt, 2N-Pyr, 9-FO, and ATO were the main substances found. The order of the median concentrations of ∑₁₆PAHs in each city in the region was Altay > Aksu > Karamay > Bole > Kashgar > Korla > Tacheng > Hami > Turpan > Wusu > Hotan > Kuitun > Huyanghe > Atushi. The order of the ∑₁₈NPAHs concentrations in each city was Altay > Karamay > Hami > Korla > Bole > Kashgar > Wusu > Tacheng > Aksu > Huyanghe > Atushi > Kuitun > Hotan > Turpan. The order of the ∑₅OPAHs concentrations in each city was Altay > Karamay > Tacheng > Kuitun > Aksu > Kashgar > Korla > Hami > Wusu > Bole > Hotan > Huyanghe > Turpan > Atushi. According to the diagnostic ratio and PMF results, four source factors were identified: biomass combustion (36.3%), coal combustion (39.0%), gasoline and diesel combustion (13.3%), and petroleum (11.4%). The total incremental lifetime cancer risks (TILCR) due to human exposure to road dust PAHs in Xinjiang were 8.2 × 10^-6 for children, 1.2 × 10^-5 for females, and 1.2 × 10^-5 for males.