Does Looking Good Equate to Feeling Good? Examining Selfie Practices, Peer Comparisons, and Self-Esteem Among Instagram Users in the United Kingdom

This study investigates the complex interplay between selfie practices, peer appearance comparisons, and self-esteem among Instagram users in the United Kingdom. Employing a quantitative survey design, data was collected through structured questionnaires from a convenient sample of 455 respondents whereby the sample size was calculated using principles based on the item response theory. The sample comprised of female, male and non-binary respondents, mainly of ages 18 to 29 who were users of Instagram. Data analysis was conducted using Process Macro by Hayes Mediation Model 4 in SPSS software. Our findings reveal that frequent exposure to idealized and highly curated images on Instagram significantly intensifies peer-to-peer appearance comparisons, which in turn adversely affect users' self-esteem. Key findings also show that direction of appearance comparison has a negative association with drive for thinness and a positive association with self-esteem. In addition, the study introduces the construct of 'drive for thinness' as a mediating variable which refers to a person’s inclination towards appearing thin, as measured through items available in existing literature. Grounded in established theoretical frameworks including Social Comparison Theory, Objectification Theory, and the Tripartite Influence Model this research deepens our understanding of how social media shapes body image and self-worth and also provides valuable insights for the development of targeted interventions such as media literacy education or mental health awareness programs. In the context of the relevant under pinning theories, the study provides several implications including how individuals engage in social comparisons within the context of appearance on social media and also how cultural ideals, societal norms, and values shape individuals' navigation of the digital landscape.