BIOREMEDIATION AND ADVANCED RESEARCH FOR DEGRADATION OF DYES

Synthetic dyes are extensively used in industrial processes such as textiles, paper manufacturing, plastics, and food coloring, resulting in significant environmental pollution. Dealing dye-containing wastewater into aquatic ecosystems leads to severe consequences, including water contamination, reduced light penetration, and toxicity to marine organisms. Due to their complex aromatic structures, synthetic dyes exhibit high chemical stability and resistance to conventional degradation processes, making their removal from wastewater a pressing concern. The current review focuses on biological treatment, which includes the degradation of dyes by using microbial strains, enzymes, enzymatic mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and environmental factors that influence microbial dye degradation. Bacterial strains such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Acinetobacter have shown significant potential in breaking down complex dyes through enzymatic actions involving oxidoreductases, peroxidases, laccases, and azoreductases. Additionally, fungi and yeast contribute to dye degradation through biosorption and extracellular enzymatic activities. The advance technologies can be approached for the biodegradation of dyes such as genetic engineering, enzyme immobilization, metabolic engineering, and nanotechnology by focusing on pathway analysis. More researches are required to challenges the existing dye problem and find future perspectives in the field. Advance technologies for microbial degradation, can develop more effective and environmentally friendly treatment strategies to mitigate dye pollution and ensure sustainable wastewater management.