Radiofrequency Dynamic Therapy on Cancer of Gallium–Indium Liquid Metal Nanoemulsion Stabilized by Gold Nanoclusters

Abstract Dynamic therapy (DT) is a promising method for enhancing tumor killing efficacy. In this study, radiofrequency dynamic therapy (RFDT) is proposed as a mode of DT with high tissue penetration for deep‐seated cancers. Gold nanocluster‐stabilizing liquid metal nanodroplets (GaNAs) with well‐defined structures are developed as RF‐responsive nanoantennas for RFDT. Substantial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is achieved through RF‐induced polarization in GaNA, which effectively enhances the redox reaction between gallium and oxygen. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay suggests that the IC 50 of GaNA decreases ca. 14 folds as RF irradiation is switched on. Furthermore, GaNA‐mediated RFDT enhances the immunogenic cell death of cancer cells and ameliorates the hypoxic tumor microenvironment via catalase‐like activity, RF‐activated ROS/heat generation, suppressing tumor growth and metastasis. In summary, GaNA‐mediated RFDT provides a DT mode for treating deep tumors, owing to the excellent tissue penetration of RF electromagnetic waves.