Association of vitamin D with depression prevalence in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional analysis from NHANES 2021 to 2023

The study identifies distinct associations of different vitamin D isoforms with the presence of depressive symptoms, suggesting differing roles of vitamin D2 and D3 in mental health. These findings highlight the need for specific consideration of vitamin D isoforms in dietary recommendations and public health strategies aimed at mental health. Additional studies are required to clarify the underlying mechanisms responsible for these associations.