Biomimetic design of advanced ceramics for hard tissue repair

Abstract The field of biomimetic ceramics has gained considerable attention due to their potential applications in hard tissue repair, owing to their ability to replicate the complex structures and mechanical properties found in natural biological systems. This review explores the role of biomimetic ceramics in hard tissue repair, starting with an examination of the biomineralization processes in nature that inspire the development of novel ceramic materials. The microstructural features of biological hard tissues, such as bone and enamel, are highlighted to emphasize their relevance to the design of effective biomimetic ceramics. Various fabrication methods, including porosity‐inducing techniques, freeze casting, cold sintering, and additive manufacturing, are discussed in detail, with a focus on their advantages for creating functional ceramic scaffolds. Additionally, the emerging role of machine learning in designing and optimizing biomimetic ceramics is explored, showcasing how computational models and algorithms predict material properties, improve fabrication processes, and accelerate innovation in ceramic biomaterials. Furthermore, this review covers the current applications of biomimetic ceramics in hard tissue repair, including ceramics with excellent mechanical properties, as well as advanced materials that promote angiogenesis, nerve repair, and environmental responsiveness, supporting bone regeneration at multiple levels. This article provides insights into the significance and vast potential of biomimetic ceramics, offering a valuable resource for researchers in the interdisciplinary fields of biomedical engineering, materials science, and life sciences.