Comparative Analysis of Hydrodynamic Characteristics off Shandong Under the Influence of Two Types of Storm Surges

As China’s largest peninsula, the Shandong Peninsula faces recurrent threats from both tropical and extratropical cyclone-induced storm surges. Understanding the distinct mechanisms governing these surge types is critical for developing targeted coastal hazard mitigation strategies. This investigation employs the FVCOM-SWAVE coupled wave–current model to conduct numerical simulations and comparative analyses of two 2022 surge events, Typhoon Muifa (tropical) and the “221003” extratropical surge. The results demonstrate that hydrodynamic responses exhibit strong dependence on surge-generating meteorological regimes. Tropical surge dynamics correlate closely with typhoon track geometry, intensity gradients, and asymmetric wind field structures, manifesting rightward-biased energy intensification relative to storm motion. Conversely, extratropical surge variations align with evolving wind-pressure configurations during cold air advection, driven by synoptic-scale atmospheric reorganization. The hydrodynamic environmental response in the sea areas surrounding Jiaodong and Laizhou Bay is particularly pronounced, influenced by the intensity of wind stress on the sea surface, as well as the bathymetry and coastal geometry.