System-Wide Analysis of the Plastics Value Chain in Indonesia: The Five Levels of Information

This study examines the complex challenges of achieving a circular plastics value chain in Indonesia. Applying the systems-based approach of Complex Value Optimisation for Resource Recovery (CVORR), the study highlights the importance of understanding the dynamic interconnections between natural, social, economic, and political subsystems. The analysis reveals that rather than purely technical or financial, the barriers to circularity lie also in institutional frameworks, norms and power structures, that govern how resources are managed. Addressing these systemic lock-ins requires coordinated and inclusive strategies. These include strengthening regulatory frameworks to support infrastructure investment and innovation, advancing policy reforms and shifting societal norms. Achieving the adoption of such holistic, system-wide interventions is the only pathway to supporting Indonesia’s vision to transition to a circular plastics economy; a transformation that must be driven by human agency and underpinned by strong political will. This approach, if effectively implemented, will provide a robust foundation for far-reaching environmental, economic, technical and societal benefits.