Performance analysis of a high-gain multi-band wheel-shaped fractal antenna using Sierpinski carpet and Koch snowflake geometries

The rapid evolution of modern wireless technologies demands compact antennas capable of high performance across multiple frequency bands. This study introduces a novel wheel-shaped patch antenna that uniquely integrates Sierpinski carpet and Koch snowflake fractal geometries to achieve efficient multi-band operability. Designed for a range of advanced applications—including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G, satellite communication, and radar systems—the antenna exhibits five distinct resonant frequencies: 2.45 GHz, 3.43 GHz, 7.69 GHz, 8.25 GHz, and 9.79 GHz. It demonstrates strong impedance matching with return loss values up to -24.24 dB and VSWR values as low as 1.13, along with wide operational bandwidths ranging from 86 MHz to 202 MHz. Furthermore, the antenna delivers robust gain performance across all bands, peaking at 29.88 dBi, indicating high radiation efficiency. Fabricated on an FR4 substrate ( ϵ r = 4.7, loss tangent = 0.0197), the compact design offers a powerful and versatile solution for next-generation wireless communication and radar systems. • Design and analysis of a novel wheel-shaped patch antenna incorporating a combination of Sierpinski carpet and Koch snowflake fractal geometries. • The antenna operates across five distinct resonating frequencies: 2.45 GHz, 3.43 GHz, 7.69 GHz, 8.25 GHz, and 9.79 GHz, offering wide multi-band coverage. • The bandwidths of 86 MHz, 90 MHz, 130 MHz, 120 MHz, and 202 MHz enhance its suitability for diverse wireless communication systems. • The antenna demonstrates strong gain performance with values of 7.81 dBi, 21.90 dBi, 14.55 dBi, 10.27 dBi, and a peak gain of 29.88 dBi, indicating high radiation efficiency. • This design is optimized for advanced applications such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G, satellite communication, and radar, delivering stable performance across all operating bands.