Mechanistic Insights into the Anti-Urolithiatic Potential of Ecbolium viride Ethanolic Extract: In Silico Targeting of Human Glyoxylate Reductase Hydroxypyruvate Reductase and Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase, Supported by In Vitro Validation

Urolithiasis is characterized by the formation of urinary stones and represents a significant global health burden, frequently necessitating invasive treatments and leading to recurrent symptoms. Due to the limitations of conventional therapies, there is a growing interest in alternative treatments, especially those based on traditional herbs. This research examines the therapeutic potential of Ecbolium viride leaves for urolithiasis by conducting a thorough evaluation that encompasses phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, in silico molecular docking, and in vitro assays for anti-urolithiasis. Phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols, which are acknowledged for their pharmacological properties. GC-MS analysis further characterized these phytoconstituents, identifying compounds with potential anti-urolithiasis activity. In silico molecular docking studies revealed significant binding affinities between these compounds and target proteins associated with stone formation, indicating their potential to disrupt the molecular mechanisms of urolithiasis. In vitro assays, such as nucleation, aggregation, and dissolution studies, demonstrated the extract’s substantial ability to inhibit the formation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals, as well as to enhance crystal dissolution. The results from these methodologies provide substantial evidence that Ecbolium viride leaves may serve as a natural agent for managing urolithiasis. This research endorses the application of plant-derived compounds as substitutes for traditional treatments of urolithiasis. Further in vivo studies and clinical trials are necessary to confirm the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of Ecbolium viride in the treatment of urolithiasis. HIGHLIGHTS Investigated Ecbolium viride leaves for urolithiasis using phytochemical, GC-MS, in silico, and in vitro Identified bioactive compounds disrupting urolithiasis-related molecular pathways. Demonstrated inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal formation and enhanced dissolution. Highlighted Ecbolium viride as a potential plant-based alternative for urolithiasis management. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT