Multi-Level Factors Impacting Implementation of Outpatient Palliative Care: Perceptions of VA Providers

To develop strategies to better meet palliative needs for older adults, it is critical to understand what factors influence the implementation and sustainability of palliative care (PC) in the outpatient setting. This study explored provider perceptions about multi-level factors impacting implementation of outpatient PC. Applying an implementation science framework, barriers and facilitators were identified for key implementation and sustainability concepts within the provider, organizational context, and external levels. Provider perceptions were explored using semi-structured group interviews (<i>n</i> = 11) with 9 outpatient specialty PC teams. Participants (<i>n</i> = 26) included outpatient PC team members and team leaders. Key considerations for health systems seeking to implement or expand outpatient PC include addressing misperceptions, co-location with referring clinical teams, and building the PC workforce to support interdisciplinary PC teams. To address challenges communicating benefits of PC, improved performance measures are needed to document and incentivize appropriate referral and use of PC throughout the continuum of care.