Review of Virtual Power Plant Response Capability Assessment and Optimization Dispatch

Functioning as a smart aggregation entity that combines distributed energy resources, energy storage systems, and flexible loads, virtual power plants (VPPs) serve as a pivotal technology in advancing the decarbonization and flexibility enhancement of modern power systems. Initially, we summarize the developmental context, evolutionary trajectory, and conceptual framework of VPPs. The architecture is functionally partitioned into three tiers: the aggregation layer, communication layer, and dispatch optimization layer (central layer). The dispatch optimization layer of VPPs serves as the “intelligent brain” connecting physical resources with electricity markets, whose core lies in achieving “controllable, adjustable, and optimizable” distributed resources through algorithmic and data-driven approaches, driving the energy system transition towards low-carbon, flexible, and efficient directions. Next, we critically examine core technologies in the dispatch optimization layer, particularly the response capacity assessment and optimal resource scheduling. Its content mainly focuses on the latest research on the aggregated resource response capability evaluation, virtual power plant dispatching optimization models, and dispatching strategies. Conclusively, we analyze prevailing technical bottlenecks and summarize significant advancements, concluding with prospective insights into future research frontiers and developmental priorities for VPPs. In the future energy system transition, VPPs will play an increasingly important role. It is foreseeable that the utilization efficiency of renewable energy will be significantly enhanced, and the energy market will become more diverse and vibrant. We look forward to VPPs integrating more quickly and effectively into daily life, transforming lifestyles and helping people collectively step into a low-carbon, green future.