When Sardines Disappear: Tracking Common Dolphin, Delphinus delphis, Distribution Responses Along the Western Iberian Coast

The common dolphin, <i>Delphinus delphis</i>, is the most abundant cetacean species along the western Iberian Peninsula and faces many anthropogenic threats, with bycatch being the most impactful. Its preferred prey, sardine (<i>Sardina pilchardus</i>), has shown fluctuating abundance over the past decade, potentially influencing dolphin distribution. This study provides the first insights into common dolphin distribution along the western Iberian coast, using sighting data from vessel research surveys (2005-2020) to identify hotspot areas while accounting for monthly and seasonal distributions overlapping with sardine abundance. Common dolphin hotspots were located along the central-western and southern Portuguese mainland coasts, coinciding with important fishing ports, oceanographic features, and sardine juvenile habitats. Furthermore, during 2013-2016, common dolphins were observed significantly farther from the coast, coinciding with a period of particularly low coastal sardine biomass. However, GAM analysis indicated that the relationship between sardine biomass and the distance of common dolphins was not significant. This study highlights the major common dolphin hotspots and presents the most comprehensive temporal and distribution maps of the common dolphin along the western Iberian coast, particularly in response to sardine availability. These results can be used by managers to inform conservation measures and for the sustainable management of the Portuguese sardine purse seine fishery fleet, which interacts the most with the species.