Consequences of geographic separation of partners during expatriation: The moderating effects of trust and virtual communication

Geographic separation from the partner is a reality for many expatriates, yet little is known about its effects on expatriates and their partners. Drawing on attachment theory, we develop a theoretical model linking the effects of geographic separation to expatriates’ repatriation intentions and eventual repatriation and reunion with their partners via an increase in depressive symptoms of both expatriates and their partners. Moreover, we propose that dyadic trust and the frequency of virtual communication between expatriates and partners buffer the negative effects of geographic separation on the depressive symptoms and repatriation. Results from a multi-wave dyadic survey of 132 expatriates and their partners provide strong support for our theoretical model. Findings from a follow-up interview study with 20 expatriates and partners offer additional insights into the underlying reasons and mechanisms of separation, depression and repatriation. We discuss important implications for theory and practice.