Assessing the Impact of Urbanization, Mining, and Agriculture on Subsurface Structures Using GPR, ERT, and Seismic Reflection

This study uses geophysical methods to explore the effects of urbanization, mining, and agriculture on subsurface features, including ground-penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and seismic reflection. A three-part systematic approach of scenario modeling, geophysical data collection, and interpretation was utilized to analyze how human activity modifies subsurface features by examining three scenarios of urbanization, mining activity, and agricultural practice. These modifications substantially impact groundwater structures, geological systems, and the stability of entire ecosystems, specifically resulting in changes in subsurface properties through anthropogenic activities. In the scenario of urbanization, ERT data highlighted resistivity of up to 3,000 Ωm in dry clay layers as a result of impenetrable surfaces, and the wave velocities determined via seismic reflection indicated velocities of over 2,500 m/s due to compaction of soil. The results from the mining activity also exhibited changes in excavated subsurface features and evidence of voids and fractures with seismic wave velocities substantially dropping from 2,500 m/s to1,600m/s, indicating structural failure while the agricultural practice scenario investigated through agricultural impacts via moisture retention with ERT data representing resistivity from high moisture of 200 Ωm to low moisture of 1,500 Ωm, exhibiting how intensive farming exploits subsurface moisture. These results highlighted the high importance of comprehensive geophysical assessments related to urban planning, mining regulations and agricultural practices. These identified quantifiable impacts rely on the methods mentioned to assess how human activities have impacts on subsurface structures. All of these assessments can be utilized as responsible subsurface resource management and environmental preservation tools, alerting stakeholders to the effects of increasing human encroachment on subsurface structures and properties affecting subsurface ecosystems.