Indiscriminate Use of Antibiotics: Pre and Post COVID-19 Pandemic Profile in Patients Attended in Primary Care in the Tocantina Region

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic intensified the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, especially in primary care in regions such as Tocantina. Fear of coinfection and misinformation fostered self-medication, contributing to bacterial resistance — a serious public health threat. This study investigated antimicrobial use before and after the pandemic in Imperatriz-MA, Brazil. Objective: To assess the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the pre- and post-pandemic period among primary care patients, identifying patterns of self-medication, knowledge levels, and associated consequences. Theoretical Framework: The pandemic altered medication consumption patterns, increasing the use of antibiotics without prescription. This behavior, driven by fear and misinformation, promotes antimicrobial resistance (WHO, 2020). Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 206 adults treated at Primary Health Units in Imperatriz-MA. A structured questionnaire was applied covering sociodemographic data, COVID-19 history, and antibiotic use. Results and Discussion: Most participants were women (63.3%) and aged 20–39 years (50%). About 68.9% reported using antibiotics without prescription; 55.8% did so without a COVID-19 diagnosis. Only 32% reported improvement, indicating widespread self-medication and lack of information. Implications and Value: The findings support educational actions in health units and encourage further research on self-medication in vulnerable settings. This study offers original, region-specific data with practical applications for public policy and collective health strategies. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for educational interventions and evidence-based local policies to promote the rational use of antibiotics.