Advancements in diesel emission reduction strategies: a focus on water-in-diesel emulsion technology

Abstract As the global demand for sustainable energy solutions grows, this review explores strategies to reduce diesel engine emissions, focusing on Water-in-Diesel Emulsion (WiDE) as an effective approach to lowering pollutants and improving fuel efficiency. WiDE technology not only reduces emissions but also enhances engine performance, enabling cleaner energy development in existing diesel engines. Surfactants are crucial for stabilizing these emulsions, ensuring a uniform water-diesel blend essential for practical use. This review assesses the impact of surfactants on WiDE stability, showing that they can maintain stability for up to 60 days without phase separation. Data from several studies highlight the potential of WiDE, demonstrating up to 67% reductions in nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and 68% in particulate matter (PM) emissions compared to conventional diesel. The water vaporization in WiDE reduces peak combustion temperatures, lowering NO x formation, while improved fuel oxidation helps decrease PM emissions. This article analyzes engine performance, combustion processes, and emission reduction mechanisms, highlighting WiDE as a promising eco-friendly fuel option. Recommendations for further research include optimizing surfactant selection, enhancing stability, and investigating the long-term effects on engine components. This work contributes to the growing field of sustainable fuel solutions, demonstrating the viability and benefits of WiDE in achieving cleaner diesel engine operations.