Optimization of rGO content in MAI:PbCl ₂ composites for enhanced conductivity

Abstract The methylammonium iodide lead chloride-reduced graphene oxide (MAI:PbCl 2 -rGO) was prepared via the dipping deposition. In this work, the rGO composited in MAI:PbCl 2 was introduced with different weight percents (wt%) between 7 and 10 wt%. All samples have been investigated via Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet−visible spectrophotometer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the Hall effect to illustrate optical properties, morphological, and electrical properties. The XRD analysis result revealed that the mean grain size of MAI:PbCl 2 is 27.46 nm, whereas a suitable crystallite size of 38.07 nm (and has a uniformity crystallite) is the case of the MAI:PbCl 2 -8wt%rGO obtained, leading to the lowest micro-strain of 0.15. Besides, the activation energy determined from the nature logarithm of conductivity and 1,000/ T by using the temperature-dependent electrical transport data was displayed in a temperature range of 298–323 K. It was found that MAI:PbCl 2 -8 wt% rGO decreases the activation energy to 0.26 eV as well as yields the maximum conductivity of 72.55 S/cm. In this way, adding suitable rGO to MAI:PbCl 2 is key to obtaining higher conductivity, which is used to ascertain and describe the nature of the semiconductor material.