Gender disparities in literacy: an analysis of regional and age-group variations in Somalia

This study examines gender disparities in literacy across regions and age groups in Somalia, using data from the 2022 Somalia Integrated Household Budget Survey (SIHBS). Gender disparities in literacy pose significant challenges to development and equity, particularly in fragile contexts like Somalia. Understanding specific manifestations of these disparities within diverse national settings is essential for effective interventions. This study explores how gender-based literacy differences vary across Somalia's regions and age cohorts. The primary objective was to analyze the nature, extent, and variation of gender disparities in literacy rates across Somalia's administrative regions and age groups. Using data from the 2022 SIHBS (N ≈ 39,000), the study employed descriptive statistics, geospatial mapping, and logistic regression analysis to assess literacy patterns. Results indicated a substantial overall gender gap, with male literacy at 54.6% compared to 43.66% for females. Literacy rates were highest among younger adults (e.g., 66.7% for ages 20–24) and declined sharply with age (19.05% for ages 65+). Significant regional variations were observed, with literacy rates ranging from 63.3% in Sool to 21.7% in Middle Shabelle. Logistic regression confirmed that being female (OR = 0.592, p < 0.001), belonging to older age groups (p < 0.001 for most groups vs. < 20 years), and residing in specific regions significantly predicted lower odds of literacy compared to reference groups. The study concludes that gender disparities in literacy in Somalia are profound and significantly influenced by geographical location and age, underscoring the necessity of moving beyond aggregated national statistics. The study contributes to research on literacy in Somalia and provides insights for policymakers and educators working towards improving literacy rates and gender equality in education. However, the research is limited by data availability and quality, as well as cross-sectional analysis constraints. Further studies employing qualitative methods and longitudinal designs are recommended to deepen understanding of the dynamics underlying these disparities.