Transition Metal Sulfide-Based Nanozymes: From Design Strategies to Applications in Chronic Wound Healing

Transition metal sulfide-based nanozymes (TMSNs) have emerged as a prominent research topic within the bio- and nanomedical community due to their unique nanostructures, abundant active sites, and excellent biocompatibility. In recent years, significant efforts have been dedicated to the development of transition metal sulfide compounds. However, the analysis and summarization of transition metal sulfide nanozymes have received comparatively less attention. TMSNs, which are metal-based nanozymes formed through the combination of transition metal cations and anionic sulfur ions, exhibit remarkable enzyme-like catalytic activities. Their unique electronic structure confers several advantageous properties, including a high surface area, superior photothermal conversion efficiency, and multienzyme catalytic capabilities, making them particularly valuable in nanomedicine as both therapeutic agents and delivery carriers. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the design, synthesis, and applications of transition metal sulfide-based nanozymes in chronic wound treatment. We systematically analyze and summarize research content and recent advancements of TMSNs from three perspectives: various synthesis techniques, the type of transition metals, and the morphology of the nanozymes. Additionally, we discuss the optimization of TMSN catalytic activity through different functionalization strategies to address the challenges encountered in their application for chronic wound treatment. Finally, we critically assess the current opportunities and challenges facing TMSN research, offering valuable insights and perspectives to guide future investigations in the fields of bio- and nanomedicine.