Towards a Tech-Savvy Judiciary: A Comparative Study of Evidentiary Flexibility in India, the UK, US, Canada, and Singapore

The 21st century has witnessed a profound digital transformation, fundamentally altering the way individuals communicate, transact, and store information. With the widespread proliferation of devices such as smartphones, laptops, and cloud-based platforms, electronic evidence comprising emails, digital images, chat logs, GPS data, and multimedia files has become indispensable in both civil and criminal litigation. This paper examines the evolving legal treatment of electronic evidence in India, contextualized through a comparative analysis of five common law jurisdictions: the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Singapore, and India.