Salivary uric acid as a biomarker for noninvasive diagnosis of diseases associated with purine metabolism disorder and methods for its determination

To systematize the available data from publications concerning the determination of salivary uric acid (UA) concentration as a biomarker for the noninvasive diagnosis of hyperuricemia and related diseases, a comprehensive analysis of scientific articles indexed in the PubMed medical library from 2018 to 2023 was conducted. The literature search identified 134 relevant sources, which were classified into five thematic clusters: biomarkers, diagnosis and disease monitoring (n=59, 44.2%); antioxidant agents and oxidative stress (n=28, 21.1%); oral health and systemic diseases (n=10, 7.3%);; experimental animal studies (n=12, 9.0%); and research on nutrition and metabolism (n=25, 17.4%). At the second stage of the study, an in-depth analysis of publications specifically addressing methods for the determination of salivary UA was performed. Owing to the narrow scope of the review, all available sources from PubMed and elibrary.ru were included irrespective of publication date. The analysis demonstrated that quantification of UA levels in diverse clinical and physiological contexts offers promising opportunities for utilizing saliva as a diagnostic medium. The results underscore the association between oxidative stress, metabolic dysregulation, and various health conditions. Despite substantial progress in the field of salivary UA research, several issues remain to be resolved before this technique can be widely implemented in clinical practice. Further research and technological development are required to overcome existing methodological limitations and to enhance the diagnostic utility of saliva analysis in diseases associated with purine metabolism disorders. KEYWORDS: uric acid, saliva, biomarker, noninvasive diagnosis of hyperuricemia, gout, purine nucleotides. FOR CITATION: Stolbikova M.E., Gaydukova I.Z., Sapozhnikov G.A., Svetlova O.B., Musiychuk M.M., Diment I.Yu. Salivary uric acid as a biomarker for noninvasive diagnosis of diseases associated with purine metabolism disorder and methods for its determination. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2025;9(3):167–174 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2025-9-3-4