The association between bedtime smartphone use and anxiety symptoms: a network analysis of Chinese residents

Using smartphones before bedtime was associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety and was positively correlated with the severity of anxiety in the general population. Worry symptoms showed the strongest association with bedtime smartphone use. The association between bedtime smartphone use and anxiety symptoms was stronger in women than in men. Using smartphones before bedtime for more than 1 h combined with PIU was associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety, while using a smartphone before bedtime for more than 1 h without PIU was associated with a lower likelihood of experiencing anxiety.