A comprehensive analysis of the effects of balanced NPK fertilization on maize quality, nutrient uptake and soil sustainability using hierarchical cluster dendrogram techniques

In modern agriculture, fertilizer application is critical for improving crop yields and addressing soil nutrient deficiencies, yet it often presents environmental and sustainability challenges. This study investigated the effects of varying nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization levels on maize (Zea mays L.), focusing on quality, nutrient uptake and soil sustainability. Field experiments were conducted on Alfisols at the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Bengaluru, during 2022-23 and 2023-24, utilizing Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) fertilization strategies. The objective was to evaluate maize yield, nutrient partitioning and soil nutrient dynamics under different NPK regimes. Structural improvements, including higher crude fibre content and reduced moisture levels, improved kernel and fodder integrity and storage potential. Nutrient uptake studies revealed that optimal fertilizer levels promoted nutrient assimilation during vegetative growth and efficient translocation to kernels in reproductive stages, leading to higher yields. Precision fertilization minimized nutrient wastage by aligning applications with crop demand, reducing environmental risks. This study emphasizes stage-specific nutrient management and balanced NPK fertilization to achieve improved maize quality, optimal nutrient use efficiency and sustainable soil health, providing critical insights for enhancing agricultural productivity while maintaining environmental stewardship.