The value of genome-wide association studies and genetic risk scales for predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus, its complications, and pharmacogenetics

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex, heritable metabolic disorder characterized by dysregulated glucose homeostasis arising from impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully pinpointed hundreds of genetic loci associated with type 2 diabetes risk, implicating numerous genes in its pathogenesis. Genetic risk assessment can help to predict disease progression and identify at-risk populations where preventive interventions, including lifestyle modification, could be more effective. In addition, identification of patients at high risk of developing T2D will allow for earlier diagnosis and effective treatment at the stage of minimal disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease based on knowledge of the functions of genes associated with T2D may help in the development of new drugs to control carbohydrate metabolism. In perespective, the translation of genetic data into clinical applications holds immense potential for advancing type 2 diabetes management, including the development of novel therapeutics and risk prediction strategies. This review explores recent advances in the genomics of type 2 diabetes, highlighting ongoing initiatives to promote precision health. We discuss the use of genetic data in predicting the risk of developing diabetes and its complications, as well as in predicting individual responses to medications and lifestyle interventions.