THz SISO and MIMO antennas for THz, challenges and applications: Review

the emergence of new technologies is accelerating the communication era’s evolution, catering to the needs of higher data rates, lower latency, and enhanced spectral efficiency. The terahertz (THz) band spinning from 0.1 to 10 THz has identified as an attractive option for 6G and beyond, enabling ultra-broadband capacity to enable next-generation applications. However, a detailed analysis demonstrate that using THz waves in wireless communication creates new issues that require thoughtful consideration. Within the range of terahertz (THz) wireless communication, the primary limitations occurs due to air attenuation largely caused by water vapor absorption. This paper presents the terahertz band characteristics in wireless communication and overviews the technologies enabling THz communication and overcoming the limitations faced in the development and deployment of THz antennas, among these technologies Single Input Single Output is employed which is distinguished by its simplicity and low system complexity. Furthermore, Multiple Input Multiple Output offers significant potential for unlocking the capabilities of THz frequency range more effective beamforming, enhanced dependability, and spatial multiplexing. The concluding section of this paper, explore the importance of integrating the AI in THz wireless communication, using machine learning algorithms to enhance the antenna design parameters and tackling challenges related to channel estimation, beamforming, spectrum management, error correction, and hardware optimization.