Internet of Energy in Microgrids and Smart Grids: State-of-the-Art

The Internet of Energy (IoE) represents a transformative paradigm that integrates internet technologies into energy systems, enabling enhanced monitoring, control, and optimization of energy resources. This paper provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of IoE applications in microgrids and smart grids. The review examines critical enabling technologies including advanced communication protocols, data analytics tools incorporating machine learning and big data approaches, and essential cybersecurity measures for energy infrastructure protection. In microgrids, IoE facilitates improved energy management, seamless integration of renewable energy sources, and enhanced resilience against disruptions. In smart grids, IoE enables grid automation, real-time demand response mechanisms, and consumer engagement through smart metering and dynamic pricing. The paper also addresses significant implementation challenges including interoperability issues, data privacy concerns, and the need for robust regulatory frameworks. By synthesizing current research and developments, this review highlights IoE’s potential to revolutionize energy systems while identifying critical areas requiring further investigation. The discussion demonstrates how IoE applications align with pressing energy concerns including security, sustainability, and scalability in the evolving global energy landscape.