Design of rough particles in colloidal systems

Particle stability and coagulation are important aspects of colloidal systems. In the past, significant efforts have been made to simulate the interaction of particles for better design of colloidal systems and to improve processes dealing with colloidal systems. Despite their valuable analysis, past review papers discussed the interaction of smooth surfaces and particles. However, as particles have different surface morphologies, the interaction of particles and surfaces with rough surface morphologies is different from that of smooth particles. The present work summarized the numerical models for constructing particles and surfaces with different geometrical shapes. Also, it provides a comprehensive discussion of the modeling techniques used for understanding the interaction of particles with rough surface morphology in colloidal systems. It elaborates on the limitations and strengths of such mathematical simulations. Also, the current challenges, future directions, and potential application of such particles with different surfaces are described in this work comprehensively. This paper reviews various simulation methods for developing rough surfaces and particles and their interaction in different environments. It also discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and potential applications of each method, as well as future research directions in this field. • Interaction of roughly made surfaces was reviewed in this review paper. • Mathematical models for generating rough surfaces with different geometries were presented. • Models for understanding the interaction of roughly made surfaces with different topographies were presented. • Strengths and weaknesses of each model and potential future uses of models were discussed.