FOREST DEPLETION AND HEALTH HAZARDS: ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN IMPACTS OF TOBACCO CURING PRACTICES IN PUNJAB AND KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PAKISTAN

The rapid expansion of tobacco production in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa poses a severe threat to the diversity of natural forests in the region due to the extensive use of wood for curing tobacco crops. This study employs wood market analysis and surveys to assess the impact of tobacco curing on the surrounding forest variety. Data from 92 wood retailers reveals that Virginia tobacco in the study area is primarily cured using firewood from eight tree species, with Acacia modesta being the most utilized (4,303.3 metric tons). Over-harvesting of key species like Acacia modesta and Olea ferruginea is causing a concerning decline in their availability, negatively affecting local flora and altering vegetation structures. Annual tobacco production figures indicate an increasing trend, reaching 43,000 metric tons in 2021. Insufficient alternative energy sources contribute to escalating consumption of forest products, particularly fuel wood. The study also highlights health issues prevalent among the local population involved in the tobacco industry, ranging from headaches and respiratory problems to skin allergies and vomiting. These health concerns underscore the potential dangers associated with the expanding tobacco industry in the region, urging the need for sustainable practices and alternative energy sources to mitigate environmental and health risks.