Recent advances in oxidation pretreatment and flotation separation of metal sulfide ores

Mineral flotation plays a pivotal role in mineral processing. The oxidation of sulfide ores can alter the surface properties of minerals, thereby optimizing their separation efficiency. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the various oxidation methods applied in sulfide mineral flotation, including chemical oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, biological oxidation, thermal pretreatment, and plasma treatment. Additionally, it discusses the impact of mineral oxidation on flotation performance, focusing on modifications to surface properties such as the formation of oxidation products, changes in zeta potential, and alterations in hydrophobicity, as well as the degradation of flotation reagents and changes in reagent adsorption. However, challenges remain in the oxidation–flotation separation of sulfide minerals, including insufficient control precision of the oxidation process, environmental and cost concerns associated with certain oxidation methods, and a lack of in-depth research into the oxidation–flotation mechanism. Future advancements in oxidative flotation will focus on intelligent monitoring, precise control, composite oxidation systems, and in situ analysis to understand surface microvariations and oxidation-product relationships. Cost control will rely on the use of low-cost oxidants, durable electrodes, and energy-efficient equipment. Tailored processing solutions for complex ores integrating bioflotation, physical separation, and other technologies will enhance recovery rates and concentrate quality, promoting broader applications.