Multiphysics Modelling of Timber-Concrete Composite Structures: A Meta-Analysis of Material Synergies, Coupled Phenomena, and Hybrid Structural Solutions

Timber-concrete composite (TCC) structures represent a promising hybrid solution for sustainable construction, combining the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile capacity and environmental benefits of timber. This meta-analysis critically investigates the Multiphysics modelling approaches applied to TCC systems, emphasising coupling techniques that simulate the interaction of mechanical, thermal, moisture, and long-term rheological behaviours. Material synergies between timber and concrete are explored to evaluate their impact on stiffness, load-bearing capacity, vibration response, and long-term deformation. Despite significant advances, modelling challenges persist due to the heterogeneity of materials, interfacial behaviour at the composite joint and time-dependent effects such as creep and shrinkage under varying environmental conditions. The work highlights current gaps in capturing nonlinear coupled phenomena and limited validation against experimental benchmarks. Moreover, it underscores the need for integrating advanced constitutive models, high-fidelity simulation frameworks, and scalable numerical tools. Emerging trends such as data-driven modelling and AI-assisted calibration are discussed as promising pathways to enhance predictive accuracy and reduce modelling complexity. The findings aim to inform future research directions towards more robust, realistic, and integrated Multiphysics modelling strategies for TCC systems, contributing to the advancement of hybrid structural design and the broader adoption of sustainable building technologies.