Gender dynamics and corruption: Insights from female participation

This study aims to investigate the factors that induce women to engage in corruption, analyse the corruption committed by women, and suggest ways to combat corruption behaviours among women. Doctrinal and socio-legal methods were applied to examine corruptive offences ‎committed by women in organisations under the MACC Act 2009. Qualitative library research, expert interviews, and decided-cases analy‎sis were utilised. Fraud trends, types, and values were examined using thematic analysis. The findings demonstrate (i) determinants of corruption behaviours include pressure, opportunity, rationalisation, power and position (capability), which is consistent with Fraud Triangle ‎Theory (FTT) and Fraud Diamond Theory (FDT) theories; (ii) false claims and invoicing fraud were identified as the frequent domain of ‎misconduct committed by women; and (iii) establishing, implementing and monitoring clear internal guidelines in compatibility with the ‎laws and inculcating good values in society were proposed as crucial strategies in addressing corruption among women in organisations. ‎This study assists policymakers, enforcement bodies, counsellors, and the corporate and public sectors in developing effective anti-‎corruption strategies‎.