Distribution and trophic relationships of the Galliformes in Mongolia

This study analyzes the distribution and tropic niches of Galliformes inhabiting the highland and forest belts of Mongolia. Сlimatic and ecological layers, and MaxEnt modeling software, maps of suitable habitats were constructed for these 12 species. The largest areas of suitable and optimal habitats were identified for Perdix dauurica, while smaller habitats were found for quail species, which are more ecologically demanding. Habitat overlap for cohabiting Galliformes species was also modeled. Protected areas account for 3.9–19.1 % of the species’ distribution area. Seasonal dietary patterns of six species were studied based on the analysis of 191 stomachs and crops collected from hunted birds. The feeding habits of Galliformes across various natural zones were influenced by the unique plant and animal composition of each zone, forming stable trophic relationships throughout their life cycles. Alectoris chukar exhibited the most diverse diet, while Lagopus lagopus showed more specialized feeding habits, which are reflected in its distribution. New data on the seasonal variability of diets, an important factor in the species’ territorial distribution, are also presented.