ZnO-nanostructured electrochemical sensor for efficient detection of glyphosate in water

• Glyphosate sensor based on ZnO NPs was developed. • The sensor provides a LoD of 0.96 µM when applied in a river water. • The entire diagnosis is completed within 30 min. • The effectiveness relies on strong coordination interactions between Zn atoms and glyphosate. • It can be potentially applied to effective environmental conservation and enforcing regulations. Glyphosate is a widely used broad-spectrum herbicide for controlling grassy weeds, despite having potential health hazards. Herein, we report on a solid-state electrochemical sensor based on ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for on-site detection of glyphosate. Accordingly, ZnO NPs was drop-cast on the surface of a disposable screen-printed carbon electrode. Eco-friendly ZnO NPs of only 7 nm crystallite sizes were obtained by green sol-gel synthesis using lemon ( Citrus limon ) waste aqueous extract as the green reducing and capping/stabilizing agent and Zn nitrate precursor as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction and diffuse reflectance. SEM confirmed successful electrode functionalization with the synthesized nanoparticles. Under laboratory conditions in acetate buffer (pH 5), the sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity and sensitivity, with a detection limit of 0.648 µM, a wide linear detection range (0.5 µM to 7.5 mM), and a rapid detection time of 30 minutes. When tested in river water, the sensor achieved a detection limit of 0.96 µM using differential pulse voltammetry. It also exceptionally tolerated interference from similar organophosphorus compounds and ions commonly found in river water. The excellent detection performance of the sensor was attributed to the strong coordination interactions between Zn atoms and phosphonate/carboxylate groups that are enhanced by a hydrogen bond at acidic pH, as determined by chemical calculations. This disposable sensor offers a cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly solution for monitoring glyphosate in water systems. Diagram of the electrochemical detection platform containing ZnO nanoparticles obtained by the green synthesis, and a disposable screen-printed carbon electrode. This system can directly and sensitively detected glyphosate in a river water using differential pulse voltammetry.