Scenario‐free robust optimization algorithm for IMRT and IMPT treatment planning

This work introduces a novel scenario-free optimization approach relying on the precomputation of probabilistic quantities while preserving compatibility with state-of-the-art uncertainty modeling. The measured runtime and memory footprint are independent of the number of included error scenarios and similar to those of non-robust margin-based optimization algorithms, while achieving the required dose and robustness specifications under multiple different optimization conditions. These properties make the scenario-free approach suitable and beneficial for 3D and 4D robust optimization involving a high number of error scenarios and/or CT phases.