Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutation of the ABCA3 Gene in a Patient with Neonatal-Onset Interstitial Lung Disease

<b>Background:</b> Children's interstitial and diffuse lung diseases, commonly referred to as "chILDs", include around 200 rare conditions that disrupt normal lung function. They are classified, based on etiopathogenesis, into several subgroups, having a varied and multifaceted clinical presentation depending on the type of genetic mutation present. <b>Methods and Results:</b> We describe the case of a late preterm newborn presenting soon after birth with respiratory distress syndrome poorly responsive to surfactant administration, in whom a targeted gene panel analysis for pulmonary congenital diseases, performed using next-generation sequencing (NGS), revealed a novel compound heterozygous variant of the ATP-Binding-Cassette-Subfamily-A-Member-3 (ABCA3) gene. A review of the literature on the subject completes our work. <b>Conclusions:</b> Molecular genetic analysis has become crucial for a more targeted therapeutic treatment, along with the only current curative treatment option that is lung transplantation.