Piceatannol Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Toxoplasma gondii

<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite infecting nucleated cells of warm-blooded vertebrates, causes severe complications in immunocompromised hosts. Current therapies remain limited by suboptimal efficacy and toxicity, necessitating novel anti-toxoplasmic agents. Piceatannol (PIC), a natural stilbenoid, demonstrates multifaceted bioactivity including antimicrobial and anti-parasitic effects, suggesting therapeutic potential against <i>T. gondii</i>. Our previous study revealed PIC's potent anti-parasitic activity, selectively inhibiting <i>T. gondii</i> proliferation and altering parasite morphology without host cytotoxicity. In this study, mechanistic analyses indicated that PIC disrupts mitochondrial integrity in tachyzoites, reducing mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production while elevating ROS levels. Transcriptomic profiling identified significant suppression of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes, consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings establish PIC as a promising candidate targeting <i>T. gondii</i> through the mechanism of mitochondrial impairment.