Why, how, and when incivility unfolds in the workplace: a 24-year systematic literature review

Abstract In recent years, workplace incivility (WI) has become increasingly prevalent and detrimental. While significant progress has been made in accumulating knowledge about WI, particularly its consequences, research focused on the antecedents of WI is fragmented. This study aims to review and synthesize the empirical literature over the past 24 years (2001–2024) to examine the antecedents, mediators, and moderators of WI. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of publication trends over time, leading journals, geographical distributions, professional sectors, preferred measurement scales, research methodologies, and theoretical frameworks employed in WI research. Drawing on insights from 76 empirical papers, we develop a concise conceptual model of WI, highlighting key factors influencing its occurrence in the workplace. Additionally, we identify several research imperatives within WI scholarship that guide future research. By synthesizing the literature and highlighting areas for future inquiry, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of WI. It provides valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners seeking to address and mitigate the detrimental effects of incivility in the workplace.