Sustainability Integration in Indian Railways: Policies, Practices, and Progress

ABSTRACT Indian Railways (IR), one of the world’s largest rail networks, plays a pivotal role in India’s socio-economic fabric. With rising environmental concerns and India’s commitment to achieving Net Zero emissions by 2070, the sustainability of IR has become critical. This research explores the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainability within Indian Railways, evaluates ongoing green initiatives, and analyses policy frameworks aligned with global benchmarks like the SDGs and ESG norms. Using a mixed-method approach, this study combines data from annual reports, energy use statistics, and case comparisons with global peers like Deutsche Bahn and JR East. Findings reveal significant progress in electrification, renewable energy deployment, and green infrastructure, though challenges remain in financing, last-mile connectivity, and policy execution. The study ends with tactical suggestions to improve IR's sustainability impact.