Optimizing the Dosing of Heparin for Therapeutic Anticoagulation in Neurocritical Care Patients at High Risk of Bleeding: Report on a Quality Improvement Initiative

<b>Background:</b> Heparin infusions are used to treat and prevent thromboembolic complications in neurocritical care, but optimal dosing in patients with acute intracranial pathology or recent neurosurgery is uncertain, due to elevated risk of hemorrhage. Many institutions customize heparin nomograms for such patients but fail to methodically evaluate their effectiveness. <b>Context</b>: Neurocritical care unit in an academic medical center in the United States. <b>Problem:</b> Several incidents of heparin infusions failing to reach their partial thromboplastin time (PTT) goal within 24 hours of initiation occurred. This created a concern that existing heparin dosing protocol should be adjusted to attain goal PTT more rapidly to better treat thrombotic events. <b>Objective:</b> To reduce time to therapeutic effectiveness of weight-based heparin in neurocritical care patients at high risk of bleeding. <b>Study Design:</b> Quality improvement initiative, comparing data from a retrospective chart review (historical comparison cohort) and a prospective observational quality improvement initiative (QI cohort). <b>Patients:</b> Adult patients with acute intracranial pathology and acute indications for therapeutic anticoagulation but considered at high risk of intracranial hemorrhage. <b>Interventions:</b> Increase heparin dosing nomogram from 12 units/kg/h (historical cohort) to 18 units/kg/h (quality improvement cohort), without an initial bolus in either. <b>Measurements:</b> Primary endpoint was time to therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in hours, assessed with a Kaplan-Meier curve. Any known bleeding or thrombotic complications were recorded. <b>Results</b>: Time to reach therapeutic target aPTT was shorter in quality improvement cohort than in historical cohort (see Figure 1 in full text for details). Bleeding complications occurred in 3 of 21 patients in each cohort. <b>Conclusions:</b> Quality improvement initiatives such as this can make documented improvements in health care provided to neurocritical care patients.