Restoring Classical Order: Atomic Structure from Augmented Newtonian Principles

This paper proposes a new theoretical framework, within Augmented Newtonian Dynamics (AND), for describing atomic structure and spectral emission without invoking quantum jumps or probabilistic transitions. According to AND theory, atoms consist of well-defined shells and orbitals determined by energy balance between the nucleus and electrons. Stable orbitals do not emit or absorb radiation. Electrons in stable orbitals do however undergo continuous self-interactions via virtual photons to ensure orbital stability, they do not emit or absorb real photons. Only atoms with unpaired (odd) electrons exhibit photon emission or absorption, which occurs deterministically in accordance with precise energy matching. Recoil of the electron off the nucleus and strict conservation of energy and momentum ensure that photon absorption and re-emission obey directional laws analogous to optics. The theory is presented as a response to the inadequacies of spontaneous emission theory in the face of ultra-high-precision technologies such as optical atomic clocks and GHz-range quantum processors.