Advanced Glycation End Products, Advanced Oxidation Protein Products, and Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma Are Correlates of Uncontrolled Hypertension in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Aims: Hypertension (HTN) may be associated with increased oxidative stress, potentially contributing to vascular damage and metabolic dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aims to investigate this possible link to better understand its crucial role in improving clinical outcomes in patients with T2D. Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, 235 patients with T2D were recruited. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the individuals were collected. Participants were divided into three groups based on their HTN status, including normotensive ( n = 145), controlled hypertensive ( n = 54), and uncontrolled hypertensive ( n = 36). Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) levels were measured using quantitative methods. Finally, the association between these oxidation‐related indices and HTN status was evaluated. Analysis of variances, chi‐square test, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations between these indices and HTN among individuals diagnosed with T2D. Results: Serum levels of AGEs were significantly higher in the HTN population compared to the normotensive population ( p v a l u e < 0.05). Similarly, AGE levels were increased in the uncontrolled HTN population compared to the controlled HTN population, a pattern also observed for AOPP ( p v a l u e < 0.05). Conversely, serum FRAP levels were significantly lower in the HTN population compared to the normotensive population ( p v a l u e < 0.05), as well as in the uncontrolled HTN population compared to the controlled HTN population ( p v a l u e < 0.05). Among these markers, AGEs showed the highest odds ratio for uncontrolled HTN, with an unadjusted odds ratio of 1.062 (1.022–1.103) and an adjusted odds ratio of 1.067 (1.022–1.113) ( p v a l u e < 0.05). AGEs, AOPP, and FRAP performed well in detecting uncontrolled HTN with area under the curve of 0.758 (0.680–0.837), 0.722 (0.637–0.807), and 0.764 (0.664–0.828), respectively ( p v a l u e < 0.001). Conclusion: Oxidative stress indices are associated with HTN status and correlated with uncontrolled HTN in populations with T2D.