Depth exploration of gadolinium-modified bismuth iron titanate: A comprehensive investigation

This study discusses the structural, dielectric, electrical, and magnetic response of gadolinium-doped bismuth iron titanate Bi 0.85 Gd 0.15 Fe 0.5 Ti 0.5 O 3 . It is synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state reaction method. XRD analysis shows the multiphase nature of the material consisting of three-phase symmetry, i.e., orthorhombic, cubic, and tetragonal. SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) analysis confirms a polycrystalline microstructure with a 5–6 µm average grain size, while EDX (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) validates the stoichiometric presence of Bi, Gd, Fe, Ti, and O with appropriate atomic percentages. The dielectric studies demonstrate frequency-dependent behavior dominated by Maxwell-Wagner polarization and space charge effects, with the dielectric constant (εᵣ) decreasing with frequency and increasing with temperature. Impedance spectroscopy reveals non-Debye relaxation and contributions from grain and grain boundaries, supported by Nyquist plots and equivalent circuit modeling. AC conductivity follows Jonscher’s power law and indicates that the material follows correlated barrier hopping (CBH) conduction mechanism. Magnetic measurement shows the small ferromagnetic behavior with M r = 9.85 E-3 emu/g. Based on the compound electrical and magnetic properties; it can be used for various applications in multifunctional devices. • The material Bi 0.85 Gd 0.15 Fe 0.5 Ti 0.5 O 3 was successfully synthesized by traditional solid-state reaction method. • This material can be used for various electronic devices for steady performance under various conditions. • Jonscher’s parameter shows that the Bi 0.85 Gd 0.15 Fe 0.5 Ti 0.5 O 3 material follows (CBH) conduction mechanism. • Bi 0.85 Gd 0.15 Fe 0.5 Ti 0.5 O 3 material shows remanent magnetization of 9.85 E-3 emu/g.