Protein intake and muscle mass of community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study in Kigali, Rwanda

Older people are at high risk of protein deficiency, which accelerates the age-related loss of muscle mass. However, there is a paucity of data on the consumption of protein-rich animal-sourced foods and their relationship with dietary intake and muscle mass of older adults in low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, this study assessed ASF consumption and its associations with protein intake and muscle mass of older adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted among community-dwelling older adults in the Gasabo district, Rwanda. Dietary intake was estimated using two non-consecutive 24-h recalls. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics. Inverse propensity score weighting was employed to assess the association between animal-source food (ASF) consumption and protein intake and muscle mass. Slightly more than half (56%, n = 189) of the older adults consumed ASFs. In adjusted models, ASF consumption was positively associated with protein intake (ATE: 9.6 g/d; CI, 6.8 to 12.4) and muscle mass (ATE: 1.7 kg; CI, 0.0 to 3.4). The results also showed that adding one and two or more ASFs to the diet was proportionally associated with an increase in protein intake (ATE: 4.7 g/d; 95% CI, 0.2 to 9.3 and ATE: 13.9 g/d; 95% CI, 5.9 to 22.0, respectively), but not with muscle mass (ATE: 1.2 kg; 95% CI - 1.4 to 3.9 and ATE: 1.4 kg; 95% CI - 0.6 to 9.6, respectively). The consumption of ASFs was generally low among community-dwelling older adults. However, older adults who consumed ASFs had improved protein intake and muscle mass compared with those who consumed plant-based diets. Large and prospective studies, extending beyond urban settings, are needed to identify factors that can be targeted to improve ASF consumption and overall dietary intake among older adults in Rwanda.