How physical pain, social factors, anxiety, and insomnia impact e-learning adoption? Health lessons from a cross-sectional study

This study investigates the relationship between e-learning adoption in a developing country, Palestine, that had very little experience with it, and the impact of anxiety rates, insomnia, physical pain, and social factors on both student and staff levels. The final analysis included 1116 participants (103 staff and 1013 students). 45.7% of the total sample had moderately severe insomnia, who are predominantly females. 40.6% of the total sample showed signs of severe anxiety, but students showed higher anxiety levels compared to staff, reaching 71.8%. In terms of physical pain, both students and staff scored similarly, indicating a high effect (2.49 ± 0.56), but the effect was more significant among female students (p-value = 0.000), and higher Body Mass Index levels (p-value = 0.01). However, the effect of e-learning on social impact was not consistent. The findings of this study can contribute to the literature by highlighting the need for various policies, beyond the pedagogical perspective, to support the effective adoption of e-learning.