Inclusion and Exclusion Errors in Social Protection Programs: Policy Lessons from Nepal

Abstract: This research examines the inclusion and exclusion errors in social protection programs in Nepal and their effects on program effectiveness. These errors, where ineligible individuals receive benefits (inclusion errors) or deserving populations are excluded (exclusion errors), compromise the core goals of social protection, widening discrimination and reducing the intended impact on poverty alleviation. The research, carried out in Gaur Municipality Rautahat and Bhanu Municipality of Tanahun District in the month of April 2025. I have used qualitative interviews with key informants. Findings reveal that exclusion errors disproportionately affect marginalized groups, such as Dalits, Janajatis, and women-headed households particularly those residing in remote and underserved areas. Conversely, inclusion errors are more prominent in urban centers, where administrative loopholes and political patronage undermine targeting accuracy. It highlights how marginalized and remote communities face a higher incidence of exclusion errors, while more accessible regions exhibit greater inclusion errors. The research emphasizes the challenges of bottleneck in service delivery, communications barriers, resource limitations, and complex eligibility criteria in exacerbating these problems. This study underscores the need for policy reforms prioritizing equality, diversity, inclusion, and social justice. Addressing these errors will ensure that social protection programs are more effective in reaching vulnerable populations. The research provides actionable policy recommendations to improve targeting mechanisms, reduce errors, and promote inclusive and equitable access to social protection. Social protection initiatives contribute to social justice and uplift diverse communities in Nepal.