Two decades of hydrogen-powered ships (2000–2024): Evolution, challenges, and future perspectives

The maritime industry has been actively exploring hydrogen as a sustainable fuel to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate environmental impacts. This paper offers a review of the development of hydrogen-powered vessels from 2000 to 2024, highlighting key technological advancements, regulatory progress, and engineering challenges. The journey began with the launch of the small passenger vessel Hydra in Germany in 2000, marking the inception of hydrogen-powered maritime technology. Over the past two decades, significant strides have been made in hydrogen energy conversion, storage, and bunkering technologies, which have been implemented and tested across various vessels, leading to the growth of a global fleet of hydrogen-powered vessels. As of November 2024, 50 hydrogen-powered vessels, including commercial and non-commercial vessels, have been constructed or retrofitted, each serving as a platform to demonstrate and refine hydrogen technologies and engineering designs. This study synthesises the lessons learned from these vessels, offering insights into the practical applications of hydrogen technologies, fuel bunkering practices, and the design and operational challenges encountered. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis of the entire hydrogen-powered fleet, identifying critical gaps and opportunities for further innovation in the maritime sector. • Review of hydrogen-powered vessel development (2000–2024). • Analysis of 50 vessels and key technological advancements. • Insights into hydrogen utilisation, storage and bunkering practices. • Identification of engineering challenges and innovation needs.