Multi-physical field coupling simulation and virtual restoration of ancient Ding kiln

As an exemplary representative of dome-shaped kilns, the ancient Ding kiln produced world-renowned ceramics and held a pivotal position in the history of ancient pottery. Starting from archaeological excavations, this study references existing re-firing experiments and replica kilns to establish a physical model of the Ding kiln and a coupled mathematical model integrating the thermal processes of the furnace with ceramic firing. Using FLUENT software, numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the flow field within the kiln, revealing the sensitivity of key parameters—such as kiln structure and firing techniques—to its operational state. Parameter reconstruction and virtual restoration were performed, leading to the conclusion that the optimal parameters for Kiln 1 at the Beizhen Ding Kiln Site in Quyang County are as follows: Kiln wall height: 2.01–2.11 m, Arch central angle: 105°–115°, Fire barrier height: 0.15–0.25 m, Excess air coefficients during four critical firing phases: 1.34–1.41, 1.42–1.50, 0.89–0.94, and 0.92–0.98. The study summarizes a feasible technical framework for virtual reconstruction of ancient porcelain kiln structures, laying the data foundation for the development of an interactive firing visualization system for Ding kiln.