Extraction Process and Phenolic Profiling of Glebionis Coronaria: Insight into Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities with ADME-Based Therapeutic Potential

Abstract This study sought to maximize the extraction of Glebionis coronaria ’s total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), determining the best conditions for separating these beneficial substances. Liquid–liquid partitioning was carried out after extraction using solvents of different polarities, such as n-butanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. While antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, phenanthroline, and silver nanoparticle assays, TPC and TFC were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl₃ techniques, respectively. Cytotoxic effects were evaluated against two cancer cell lines (CAPAN-1 and dld-1) as well as a healthy cell line (L929), and the ethanolic extract’s substance composition was examined using LC–ESI–MS/MS. The optimal TPC and TFC extraction parameters were found to be X 1 (48 h), X 2 (70% ethanol), and X 3 (30 mL/g). The n-butanol fraction showed significant antioxidant activity (IC 50 : 13.89 μg/mL for DPPH, 29.18 μg/mL for ABTS) and had the highest TPC (325.33 mg GAE/g dw) and TFC (112.5 mg QE/g dw). Additionally, it demonstrated a considerable ability to chelate metals. Twelve bioactive compounds were identified in the ethanolic extract, with chlorogenic acid being the main component (422.47 μg/g). Cytotoxicity testing revealed significant effects against CAPAN-1 cells, reducing viability by 38.53% at 1 mg/mL. An ADME model provided insights into the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the identified compounds, highlighting their therapeutic applications.